Music and Middle Ages Essay Example For Students

Music and Middle Ages Essay What are the Hurricane melodies? For what reason would they say they are significant? - Its an assortment of music ornamented in cuneiform in a mud tablet. In those days , It was imperative to show youthful guys or females how to play then today. 2. What is the Natty Shasta? For what reason is it significant? - Its an Indian treat that perform workmanship, encompassing music , theater , and move. For Indians since its a presentation, Its essential to show culture and what kind of music they tune in to. 3. Who were troubadours? How was their music? - It was a gathering of authors and entertainers of a verse around the time 1100-1350 in he Middle Ages. Their kind of music is scandalous and wicked melodies of affection. 4. What are the modes in Western music? Portray at any rate one mode in Western music. They are a progression of pitches that are normally used to play music. One model would be Lydia. 5. What is polyphonic music? How can it contrast from monophonic music? - Is a music that utilizes at least one autonomous songs. The distinctions were Monophonic was vanquished in the beginning of the medieval times and in different hands , Poly. Was popular and was utilized all the more frequently. Basic Thinking Questions 6. For what reason did early people create music? What are a portion of the manners in which that they were thought to make music? - The Early people expanded the music to a copy tone and sound they heard. It was to help close by with people and Most of the manners in which they conceptualized to make or make music was utilizing their voice. 7. For what reason is the investigation of ancient and old music significant? What would we be able to gain from it? - It was significant in light of the fact that they generally revealed proof that was associated with music and how music was impacted by them today. Music and Middle Ages By Mister-Ajax c:

Barack Obama And John Kennedy Comparison

Barack Obama And John Kennedy Comparison During Barack Obamas presidential crusade 2008 the media regularly considered him the dark Kennedy or the new JFK. Be that as it may, for what reason would they say they are contrasted with one another? The 35th and 44th leader of the United States of America were the two democrats and extremely magnetic, yet this isn't unordinary for American lawmakers. The lives of Obama and Kennedy will be the fundamental subject in this paper, furthermore articles and addresses will be utilized. The main Chapter will contain the life stories of the two presidents, to give a short foundation. The subsequent Chapter will contain a more intensive gander at the correlation of Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy. During this Chapter I will differentiate explicit focuses which show how comparative or, as the case might be diverse the two presidents are. There will be an examination of their training, political vocation and family life. In this end this content will close whether the correlation is doing equity to both of the two presidents. Life story John Fitzgerald Kennedy was conceived in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29th 1917 (Pergande 2011: 18) and experienced childhood in a white special family, which is associated with the political arrangement of the United States of America since the 1880s (Pergande 2011: 13, 18). From his youth he had the benefit to get decent instruction, for instance in 1930 he went to Canterbury in Connecticut, a catholic life experience school and later he visited the protestant first class school Chaote, additionally in Connecticut. He began school at the London School of Economics, however after he got debilitated because of a, by then obscure disease, he went to Princeton. After another time of ailment he followed his sibling to Harvard in 1936 (Pergande 2011: 18). In 1946 he was chosen into the House of Representatives, where he remained until 1952, when he was chosen congressperson of Massachusetts (Pergande 2011: 29-31). On November eighth 1960 he was chosen president and got down to business on January twentieth 1961 (Pergande 2011: 138). At 43 years old he was the most youthful president at any point chose (Pergande 2011: 67). On November 22nd 1963 John F. Kennedy was killed in Dallas, Texas and covered on November 25th on the Arlington National Cemetery (Pergande 2011: 139) Two years sooner, in 1961 Barack Hussein Obama, the child of a white lady from the low working class, who was conceived in Kansas and an African student from abroad at the University of Hawaii was conceived (Marschall 2009: 49-51). Barack Obama moved on from Punahou-Highschool in Hawaii and went to the Occidental College in Los Angeles in fall 1979, where he got a full grant. Following two years he utilized the exchange program, that Occidental offered, to the Columbia College in New York, which has a place with the Columbia University (Marschall 2009: 83-84). In 1983 Barack Obama graduated with a recognition in political theory. A short time later he needed to function as a Community Organizer to help battling African-Americans. In the wake of applying to a few social equality associations without finding a solution he chose to accept a customary position. He was employed as a colleague by Business International Corporation in Mid-Manhattan in January 1984. In 1985 he left Business International to support the penniless individuals (Marschall 2009: 86-87). Obama filled in as a Community Organizer in Altgeld, Chicago (Marschall 2009: 89). Until he got acknowledged in Harvard Law in 1988 (Niven 2009: 14) and graduated in 1991 (Marschall 2009: 101). 1993 he joined the lawyers office Miner, Barnhill and Galland, which was particular on social equality cases. Simultaneously he additionally turned into an educator for established law at the University of Chicago (Marschall 2009: 139). In 1996 Barack Obama was chosen Senator in the parliament of Illinois, which was his first elective office and after eight years, in 2004, he became Senator of Illinois (Marschall 2009: 149). In the wake of turning into the presidential contender for the democrat party, he was chosen president on November fourth 2008 (Marschall 2009: 11). Barack Obama: The new John F. Kennedy? As should be obvious Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy had two very surprising lives. In any case, for what reason is Obama contrasted with Kennedy so frequently? On an absolute first view Obama and Kennedy were both youthful, attractive and charming and they epitomized change and expectation, which were regular topics during their battles (Sorensen 2007: 2; von Marschall 2009: 19). They were disappointed with the ongoing government and financial status of the USA, cautioned of the threat of war. Moreover, underscored the hugeness of majority rules system on different occasions and furthermore the significance of national quality, to recover the United Stated on target. They needed to improve the worldwide standing and authority of the country. During their addresses, wherein the two of them lectured the legislative issues of expectation rather than the governmental issues of dread (Sorensen 2007: 2) they constantly approached the American individuals with deference and never talked down (Sorensen 2007: 2) to them. In his discourse Inaugural Address at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., on January 20 1960, after he became leader of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy discussed opportunity, change and expectation: We watch today not a triumph of gathering, yet a festival of opportunity representing an end, just as a start connoting reestablishment, just as change (John F. Kennedy 1960). Much the same as Barack Obama, in his Victory Speech subsequent to being chosen president he stated: Its been bound to happen, however today around evening time, in view of what we did on this day, in this political decision, at this extremely important occasion, change has come to America. (Barack Obama 2008) Both, John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama were first-term representatives and nearly youthful when they got chose presidents. Kennedy was just 43 years of age and Obama was 47 years of age. In this way they were called excessively youthful and individuals accepted that they had an absence of experience (Sorensen 2007:01). Moreover, during their crusades the two presidents had a contention concerning their strict accepts. John F. Kennedy was Roman Catholic and there has never been a catholic leader of the United States of America previously. Individuals were stressed over the impact of his religion on Kennedys fill in as a potential president (Sorensen 2007: 1). In his discourse in the Rice Hotel in Houston, Texas on September 12, 1960 Kennedy plots the main problems of his crusade in 1960, the spread of socialist impact, neediness and training. In any case, he likewise responds to the analysis about his religion by saying: But since I am a Catholic, and no Catholic has ever been chosen President, the main problems in this battle have been clouded [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] So it is evidently vital for me to state by and by not what sort of chapel I put stock in, for that ought to be significant just to mebut what sort of America I have confidence in. [㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦] I trust in an America where strict bigotry will some time or another end-where all men and all houses of worship are dealt with equivalent. (John F. Kennedy 1960) There was an issue concerning Barack Obamas religion too. He was scrutinized for his congregation. The cleric of the Trinity United Church of Christ, Jeremiah Wright, was extremely radical in his perspectives, particularly about the worldwide political job of the USA and prejudice. He accused every single white individuals to be possibly bigot (Marschall 2009: 114). Obama additionally responded to these allegations with a discourse wherein he removed himself from Pastor Jeremiah Wright and his announcements, however when Wright formally questions that Obama extremely inaccessible himself from these announcements, Obama breaks with his minister and leaves the Trinity United Church of Christ (Marschall 2009: 116-117). Additionally some Catholic chiefs believed that Kennedy was not Catholic enough (Sorensen 2007: 2). This is a sentence which Barack Obama additionally needed to hear, however for his situation it was alluding to his skin shading. Due to his white mother and his adolescence in an all-white family unit it is said that his legacy is preferably white over dark (Younge 2007: n. pag.). Another reality they share practically speaking is that both roused youngsters to cast a ballot (Sorensen 2007: 3). Kennedy was the primary president who utilized the new mass medium Television (The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum 2012: n.pag.) to contact the individuals of his nation and his appearance was like a pop star, which made him exceptionally famous inside the gathering of youthful voters and ladies (Pergande 2011: 68). Likewise Barack Obama utilized present day media during his battle. He was the primary president who utilized online stages like YouTube and interpersonal organizations like Facebook and Twitter to illuminate, contact and prepare youthful voters (Marschall 2009: 41). Moreover, the two presidents were bolstered by superstars. Honest Sinatra sung the tune High Hopes, which was distributed on Vinyl record and broadly spread 1917. In this tune Sinatra sings Come on and vote in favor of Kennedy and Jack is progressing nicely (Pergande 2011: 66). B ig names like Will.i.am, with his tune Yes, we can and different specialists like Scarlette Johansson or John Legend upheld Barack Obama (Gosa 2010: 399). Both, Barack Obama and John F. Kennedy had a war to manage. During Kennedys administration the Cold War occurred between the socialist and entrepreneur nations and he likewise needed to manage the Cuba Crisis and the war in Vietnam (Pergande 2011: 74-97). When Obama became president the war in Iraq has just been begun by 43rd president Georg W. Shrubbery and another war was going on in Afghanistan. (Marschall 2009: 21). These wars drove the United States into the most exceedingly terrible budgetary emergency of this century and an affordable decrease in the entire country (Marschall 2009: 23). In spite of all that, there are additionally a great deal contrasts among Kennedy and Obama. John F. Kennedy was naturally introduced to a white family which was at that point some portion of the American political framework for over 50 years. His folks were affluent thus he could manage the cost of decent training, however his evaluations were never that acceptable (Pergande 2011: 19). From the earliest starting point John F. Kennedys electi

Grammar Is A Piano I Play By Ear Joan Didion Quotes for Her Birthday

Grammar Is A Piano I Play By Ear Joan Didion Quotes for Her Birthday Joan Didion is the author of lovely and heartbreaking work like  The Year of Magical Thinking,  an account of the year after her husband died while her daughter was unconscious in the hospital, and Slouching Towards Bethlehem, about her experiences living in California in the 1960s. Shes an amazing and important writer, and today is her birthday, and were going to celebrate by giving you a few snippets of some of her best lines. But really, you should celebrate by going out and reading all her lines. ALL OF THEM. Grammar is a piano I play by ear. -from  Essays and Conversations Although I have felt compelled to write things down since I was five years old, I doubt that my daughter ever will, for she is a singularly blessed and accepting child, delighted with life exactly as life presents itself to her, unafraid to go to sleep and unafraid to wake up. Keepers of private notebooks are a different breed altogether, lonely and resistant rearrangers of things, anxious malcontents, children afflicted apparently at birth with some presentiment of loss.  Slouching Towards Bethlehem A place belongs forever to whoever claims it hardest, remembers it most obsessively, wrenches it from itself, shapes it, renders it, loves it so radically that he remakes it in his own image. We Tell Ourselves Stories in Order to Live “Marriage is memory, marriage is time. Marriage is not only time: it is also, parodoxically, the denial of time.” The Year of Magical Thinking To live without self-respect is to lie awake some night, beyond the reach of warm milk, the Phenobarbital, and the sleeping hand on the coverlet, counting up the sins of commissions and omission, the trusts betrayed, the promises subtly broken, the gifts irrevocably wasted through sloth or cowardice, or carelessness. However long we postpone it, we eventually lie down alone in that notoriously uncomfortable bed, the one we make ourselves. -On Self Respect There is no real way to deal with everything we lose. -from Where I Was From “I tell you this true story just to prove that I can. That my frailty has not yet reached a point at which I can no longer tell a true story.” Blue Nights “I think we are well advised to keep on nodding terms with the people we used to be, whether we find them attractive company or not. Otherwise they turn up unannounced and surprise us, come hammering on the minds door at 4 a.m. of a bad night and demand to know who deserted them, who betrayed them, who is going to make amends.” Slouching Towards Bethlehem Do you have a favorite Didion line? Save

Inorganic Chemistry Definition and Introduction

Inorganic chemistry is defined as the study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins. Typically, this refers to materials not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, including metals, salts, and minerals. Inorganic chemistry is used to study and develop catalysts, coatings, fuels, surfactants, materials, superconductors, and drugs.  Important chemical reactions in inorganic chemistry include double displacement reactions, acid-base reactions, and redox reactions. In contrast, chemistry of compounds that contain C-H bonds is called organic chemistry. The organometallic compounds overlap both organic and inorganic chemistry. Organometallic compounds typically include a metal directly bonded to a carbon atom. The first man-made inorganic compound of commercial significance to be synthesized was ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate was made using the Haber process, for use as a soil fertilizer. Properties of Inorganic Compounds Because the class of inorganic compounds is vast, its difficult to generalize their properties. However, many inorganics are ionic compounds, containing cations and anions joined by ionic bonds. Classes of these salts include oxide, halides, sulfates, and carbonates. Another way to classify inorganic compounds is as main group compounds, coordination compounds, transition metal compounds, cluster compounds, organometallic compounds, solid state compounds, and bioinorganic compounds. Many inorganic compounds are poor electrical and thermal conductors as solids, have high melting points, and readily assume crystalline structures. Some are soluble in water, while others are not. Usually, the positive and negative electrical charges balance out to form neutral compounds. Inorganic chemicals are common in nature as minerals and electrolytes. What Inorganic Chemists Do Inorganic chemists are found in a wide variety of fields. They may study materials, learn ways to synthesize them, develop practical applications and products, teach, and reduce the environmental impact of inorganic compounds. Examples of industries that hire inorganic chemists include government agencies, mines, electronics companies, and chemical companies. Closely related disciplines include materials science and physics. Becoming an inorganic chemist generally involves gaining a graduate degree (Masters or Doctorate). Most inorganic chemists pursue a degree in chemistry in college. Companies That Hire Inorganic Chemists An example of a government agency that hires inorganic chemists is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Dow Chemical Company, DuPont, Albemarle, and Celanese are companies that use inorganic chemistry to develop new fibers and polymers. Because electronics are based on metals and silicon, inorganic chemistry is key in the design of microchips and integrated circuits. Companies that focus in this area include Texas Instruments, Samsung, Intel, AMD, and Agilent. Glidden Paints, DuPont, The Valspar Corporation, and Continental Chemical are companies that apply inorganic chemistry to make pigments, coatings, and paint. Inorganic chemistry is used in mining and ore processing through the formation of finished metals and ceramics. Companies that focus on this work include Vale, Glencore, Suncor, Shenhua Group, and BHP Billiton. Inorganic Chemistry Journals and Publications There are numerous publications devoted to advances in inorganic chemistry. Journals include Inorganic Chemistry, Polyhedron, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Dalton Transactions, and Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan.

Essay on The World Is so Orderly That God Must Have...

‘The world is so orderly that God must have created it.’ Discuss. The world can be a magnificent place and many would say that it is the most intricate and complex creation to ever exist. There are many examples of ‘order’ and design in the world. Some people believe that these designs are so complex; that they must have been designed for the world to be this way, and that this designer is God. Others oppose this view and believe that the world was not created by God but due to other reasons. Many Christians believe that God created the world in six days because it is stated in the bible. They feel that the world is so ambiguous and intricate that someone must have created it. As they believe that God is the ultimate power of being†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the appearance of design proves the existence of God. On the other hand, many people also believe that the world was not intentionally created or designed by God but was merely an accident. Some people believe in the Big Bang theory and that the universe was created by a massive explosion where it is still expanding till this very day. This is because they feel that not everything that has ‘order’ must have been deliberately arranged to be that way but could have just happened due to natural occurrences. In my opinion, I do not believe that the order in the world is an indication to God’s creation. One of the reasons is that if the world was created by an omnipotent, omniscient and benevolent God, then why is there so much evil and chaos in the world? Another point is that design is not necessarily something that has to have a designer. An example of this is how an embryo is formed. A baby has many intricate features, such as having fingers and toes, eyes, a mouth †¦etc. But when it was formed at the point of conception, it was not designed to look or be a certain way. The parents of the baby did not design the way the gender of the baby or the way it looked or the way it acted. The creation of the genes of a baby is purely something just occurs by chance; therefore, I do not believe that the world was created byShow MoreRelated Comparison of Genesis I and Exodus 20 Essay672 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Bible is the creation of the covenant and the giving of laws and command ments. Although the creation of the world in Genesis I and the pronouncement of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20 are two completely different accounts in the Bible, there lies a similar theme between them: God creates an orderly and hierarchical universe, both natural and moral. In Genesis I, God creates an orderly natural universe. He separates and categorizes everything he creates. For instance, he separates the seventh dayRead MoreExamine the Key Features of the Teleological Argument?1491 Words   |  6 Pagesposteriori and like the cosmological argument, attempts to prove the existence of God. It claims that certain phenomena within the universe appear to display features of design and are perfectly adapted to fulfil their function. Therefore, if features of the universe are so perfectly designed, for example the structure and function of the heart, then there must be a designer, which points towards the existence of God. The teleological argument is based around the idea that the universe in some wayRead MoreWorldview Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesA worldview is the basis from which we view reality and make sense of life and the world around us (focusonthefamily). It is a combination of all you believe to be true and what you believe becomes the motivation behind every decision, action, and emotion you make, ultimately shaping your identity. As a Christian, it is important to have your own worldview and be familiar with the worldviews of others. One of the most effective and fruitful ways to engage with non-Christian religions and ideas isRead MoreHoly Spirit Assessment #3 Kayla Rodway . Q1 - Five Key1459 Words   |  6 Pagesequip us to be able to serve and glorify the Lord while Jesus continues His ministry though us. When we use our Spiritual Gifts to glorify the Lord we are contributing to the overall heath and growth of the church. 1 Peter 4:10-11 shows us that we have each been given a Gift by the Holy Spirit and when we use that Gift we find the strength we need to build up the Church. The Gifts of the Spirit are messages of wisdom, knowledge, faith, gifts of healing, miraculous powers, prophecy, distinguishingRead MorePost Puritan Examples Of Jeremiads1625 Words   |  7 Pages1. To understand post-Puritan examples of jeremiads, one must understand what a jeremiad is. A jeremiad is writing that denounces society and articulates about its’ downfall. Post-Puritan examples of jeremiads can be found throughout history. For example, The General Court in Massachusetts opened each year since 1634-1690 with an election sermon but, eventually the sermons turned into jeremiads. Samuel Danforth gave a sermon called A Brief Recognition of New England’s Errand into the Wilderness,Read MoreThe Existence of God Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesThe Existence of God In this essay I am going to explore and analyse arguments concerning the existence of God. I will be investigating all the different beliefs about God from Christians including: Moral and Divine Command, Ontological, Cosmological and the argument from design. These areas of belief will all be fully considered and analysed in depth. After doing this, I will therefore come to a conclusion of my own sort and explain my own beliefs and thereRead MoreThe World View Of The Bible1670 Words   |  7 PagesMany people in the world today have decided that a world view doesn’t matter; that everyone can simply believe what they would like to believe, and it wouldn’t make a difference. However, someone’s worldview determines there every act! Hitler for example, believed that Jews, disabled people and elderly people were worthless; he thought that he could make a perfect world. So his beliefs led to his actions. There is only one world view that is correct, one that would explain all questions and thatRead MoreBill Nye : An American Science Educator1495 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledges, like experimental or observational science. People created technology from these two methods. Observational science which is for obvious reasons. Some geologists take present-day rates of radiometric decay and rock formation and imagine that the rates have always been the sa me. That’s why they think the earth is so old. But we can not zip back in time to test this for accuracy. Students are really important groups in the world. What they believe depends on what they learn. The public schoolsRead MoreThe Media And Its Popularity933 Words   |  4 Pagesaccidentally come into being, or was it the artwork of a more majestic being? Or did the self. existing God give nature the trigger and everything else came in an orderly manner? These types of questions are not new to humanity. Predated philosophers since the times of Plato and Aristotle, around 300.400 BC, have already asked themselves about their existence. On the other side, theologians have always existed even before the cradle of civilises ion. the Sumerians, some 6,000 years ago. ReligiousRead MoreEssay about The Characteristics of God1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Characteristics of God In Section eleven of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Hume argues that if a teleological argument is sufficient proof for a god, then that god must have deficiencies in morality, power, benevolence and intelligence. I will present Hume’s argument and the subsequent objections he considers. As well, I will defend Hume’s final position by giving my best objection to it and explaining how that objection fails. Hume chooses to speak about the matter in the style of

Sea change and kathryn dell barton Free Essays

Composers use distinctly visual images to visualize and allow us to understand the impact of human experiences. Deborah Cox used visual Imagery in the television series ‘Sea Change’ to create an effective message about human experiences; this Is also amplified In ‘Cell block tannic composed by Rob Marshall and Kathy del Baron’s artwork You are what Is most beautiful about me’. Paragraph 1 In the sea change episode not such great expectations’ Debt Cox skillfully uses visual images as a powerful medium to convey truths about human expectations. We will write a custom essay sample on Sea change and kathryn dell barton or any similar topic only for you Order Now She invitingly reveals that individual’s life experiences may be in conflict with those of others, due to different values. This is evident in the father and son relationship that Bob and Craig Jelly have. Bob is initially presented as a pushy, arrogant and selfish real estate agent who wished that his son will follow in his footsteps and have the same career as himself. This is evident in the effective use off medium tracking shot in the scene where Bob and Craig Jelly are dressed in identical vibrant red real estate blazers as they walk across the headland gazing down upon the natural beauty of Pearl Bay. However, bob Jelly is challenged to reassess his values when the Imagery suggests that he expects his son to follow In his footsteps and become a real estate agent. Bob wants to transform Craig Into a clone of himself. This Is demonstrated through Cox’s skilful use of a medium shot in the scene where Bob is standing behind Craig (whose facial expressions suggests he is listening intently to Bob’s words of wisdom) while Bob gazes off into the distance absorbed by his own apparent wisdom. Cox highlights the growth in Craig Jelly by demonstrating that he as learned that following in his father’s footsteps would be the best opportunity for him. Link to question In this episode Debt Cox allows us to visualize and understand the impact of human experiences. Bob Jelly Is trying to put his son on the right track and get him the best job In the family real estate. Relating to this our parents want us also to get the best Job opportunity. Link to next paragraph The theme of relationships between children and their parents Is also experienced In the artwork you are what is most beautiful about me† painted by mother of 2 Kathy Dell Barton. Paragraph 2 The artwork illustrates a painted self portrait of Kathy Dell Barton with her 2 children painted in the foreground. The painting includes larger colorful flowers and vines entwined between the 3. This gives the viewer an insight that through life the impact of becoming a mother can have a dizzying effect on human experiences. This is seen through the use of plants, flowers and colored lines running throughout the painting. Barton uses symbolism through the green colored lines, plants and flowers. This suggests new life and that motherhood Is an act of nature, it is natural. In this painting Kathy Dell Barton demonstrates that everybody comes together as one In a family but each member Is still In Individual. The representation of the large eyes explores that the three are very alike, but with different eye colors the three are individuals but are all cohesive. Link to question in a human experience. With Kathy in the background of the image it suggests she is putting her children first, putting there needs ahead. Just like our parents would for us. How to cite Sea change and kathryn dell barton, Papers

Theorist of Modern Novel free essay sample

In the early twentieth century the modernist novel exploded literary conventions and expectations, challenging representations of reality, consciousness and identity. These novels were not simply creative masterpieces but also crucial articulations of revolutionary developments in critical thought. In this volume Deborah Parsons traces the developing modernist aesthetic in the thought and writings of James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf. Considering cultural, social and personal influences upon the three writers and connections between their theories, Parsons pays particular attention to their work on: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ forms of realism the representation of character and consciousness gender and the novel concepts of time and history. An understanding of these three thinkers is fundamental to a grasp of modernism, making this an indispensable guide for students of modernist thought. It is also essential reading for those who wish to understand debates about the genre of the novel or the nature of literary expression which were given a new impetus by Joyce, Richardson and Woolf’s pioneering experiments within the genre of the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Theorist of Modern Novel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deborah Parsons is a senior lecturer and chair of postgraduate programmes at the University of Birmingham, UK. Her principal interests are in Modernism and visual and urban culture. The books in this series offer introductions to major critical thinkers who have influenced literary studies and the humanities. The Routledge Critical Thinkers series provides the books you can turn to first when a new name or concept appears in your studies. Each book will equip you to approach these thinkers’ original texts by explaining their key ideas, putting them into context and, perhaps most importantly, showing you why they are considered to be significant. The emphasis is on concise, clearly written guides which do not presuppose specialist knowledge. Although the focus is on particular figures, the series stresses that no critical thinker ever existed in a vacuum but, instead, emerged from a broader intellectual, cultural and social history. Finally, these books will act as a bridge between you and their original texts: not replacing them but rather complementing what they wrote. In some cases, volumes consider small clusters of thinkers working in the same area, developing similar ideas or influencing each other. These books are necessary for a number of reasons. In his 1997 autobiography, Not Entitled, the literary critic Frank Kermode wrote of a time in the 1960s: On beautiful summer lawns, young people lay together all night, recovering from their daytime exertions and listening to a troupe of Balinese musicians. Under What they repeated was largely hearsay; hence my lunchtime suggestion, quite impromptu, for a series of short, very cheap books offering authoritative but intelligible introductions to such figures. There is still a need for ‘authoritative and intelligible introductions’. But this series reflects a different world from the 1960s. New thinkers have emerged and the reputations of others have risen and fallen, as new research has developed. New methodologies and challenging ideas have spread through the arts and humanities. The study of literature is no longer – if it ever was – simply the study and evaluation of poems, novels and plays. It is also the study of the ideas, issues and difficulties which arise in any literary text and in its interpretation. Other arts and humanities subjects have changed in analogous ways. With these changes, new problems have emerged. The ideas and issues behind these radical changes in the humanities are often presented without reference to wider contexts or as theories which you can simply ‘add on’ to the texts you read. Certainly, there’s nothing wrong with picking out selected ideas or using what comes to hand – indeed, some thinkers have argued that this is, in fact, all we can do. However, it is sometimes forgotten that each new idea comes from the pattern and development of somebody’s thought and it is important to study the range and context of their ideas. Against theories ‘floating in space’, the Routledge Critical Thinkers series places key thinkers and their ideas firmly back in their contexts. More than this, these books reflect the need to go back to the thinkers’ own texts and ideas. Every interpretation of an idea, even the most seemingly innocent one, offers its own ‘spin’, implicitly or explicitly. To read only books on a thinker, rather than texts by that thinker, is to deny yourself a chance of making up your own mind. Sometimes what makes a significant figure’s work hard to approach is not so much its style or content as the feeling of not knowing where to start. The purpose of these books is to give you a ‘way in’ by offering an accessible overview of these thinkers’ ideas and works and by guiding your further reading, starting with each thinker’s own texts. To use a metaphor from the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), these books are ladders, to be thrown away after you have climbed to the next level. Not only, then, do they equip you to approach new ideas, but they also empower you, by leading you back to a theorist’s own texts and encouraging you to develop your own informed opinions. Finally, these books are necessary because, just as intellectual needs have changed, so the education systems around the world – the contexts in which introductory books are usually read – have changed radically, too. What was suitable for the minority higher education system of the 1960s is not suitable for the larger, wider, more diverse, high-technology education systems of the twenty-first century. These changes call not just for new, up-to-date, introductions but for new methods of presentation. The presentational aspects of Routledge Critical Thinkers have been developed with today’s students in mind. Each book in the series has a similar structure. They begin with a section offering an overview of the life and ideas of the featured thinkers and explaining why they are important. The central section of the books discusses the thinkers’ key ideas, their context, evolution and reception: with the books that deal with more than one thinker, they also explain and explore the influence of each on each. The volumes conclude with a survey of the impact of the thinker or thinkers, outlining how their ideas have been taken up and developed by others. In addition, there is a detailed final section suggesting and describing books for further reading. This is not a ‘tacked-on’ section but an integral part of each volume. In the first part of this section you will find brief descriptions of the key works by the featured thinkers, then, following this, information on the most useful critical works and, in some cases, on relevant websites. This section will guide you in your reading, enabling you to follow your interests and develop your own projects. Throughout each book, references are given in what is known as the Harvard system (the author and the date of a work cited are given in the text and you can look up the full details in the bibliography at the back). This offers a lot of information in very little space. The books also explain technical terms and use boxes to describe events or ideas in more detail, away from the main emphasis of the discussion. Boxes are also used at times to highlight definitions of terms frequently used or coined by a thinker. In this way, the boxes serve as a kind of glossary, easily identified when flicking through the book.